Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery
Volume 112, Issue 4 , Pages 275-281 , May 2010

Effect of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy in patients with spontaneous intra-cerebral hemorrhage: Does medication use predict worse outcome?

  • Latha G. Stead

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 655A, Rochester, NY 14642, United States. Tel.: +1 585 463 2942; fax: +1 585 463 2969.
    • ,
  • Anunaya Jain

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
    • ,
  • M. Fernanda Bellolio

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
    • ,
  • Adetolu O. Odufuye

      Affiliations

    • Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
    • ,
  • Ravneet K. Dhillon

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
    • ,
  • Veena Manivannan

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
    • ,
  • Rachel M. Gilmore

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
    • ,
  • Alejandro A. Rabinstein

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
    • ,
  • Raghav Chandra

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
    • ,
  • Luis A. Serrano

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
    • ,
  • Neeraja Yerragondu

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
    • ,
  • Balavani Palamari

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
    • ,
  • Wyatt W. Decker

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States

Received 20 May 2009 ,Revised 11 November 2009 ,Accepted 2 December 2009.

References 

  1. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Flegal K, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2009 update. A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119(3):e21–e181
  2. Hirsh J, Fuster V, Ansell J, Halperin JL. American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation guide to warfarin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(9):1633–1652
  3. Connolly S. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation II study. Lancet. 1994;343(8911):1509
  4. Cairns JA. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation trial. Circulation. 1991;84(2):933–935
  5. EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group . Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke. Lancet. 1993;342(8882):1255–1262
  6. Holbrook AM, Pereira JA, Labiris R, McDonald H, Douketis JD, Crowther M, et al. Systematic overview of warfarin and its drug and food interactions. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(10):1095–1106
  7. Budnitz DS, Shehab N, Kegler SR, Richards CL. Medication use leading to emergency department visits for adverse drug events in older adults. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(11):755–765
  8. Chambers M, Hutton J, Gladman J. Cost-effectiveness analysis of antiplatelet therapy in the prevention of recurrent stroke in the UK. Aspirin, dipyridamole and aspirin–dipyridamole. Pharmacoeconomics. 1999;16(5 (Pt 2)):577–593
  9. Engelter S, Lyrer P. Antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke and other vascular events after carotid endarterectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):[CD001458]
  10. Wintzen AR, de Jonge H, Loeliger EA, Bots GT. The risk of intracerebral hemorrhage during oral anticoagulant treatment: a population study. Ann Neurol. 1984;16(5):553–558
  11. Flaherty ML, Kissela B, Woo D, Kleindorfer D, Alwell K, Sekar P, et al. The increasing incidence of anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2007;68(2):116–121
  12. Tuhrim S. Aspirin-use before ICH: a potentially treatable iatrogenic coagulopathy?. Stroke. 2006;37(1):4–5
  13. Steiner T, Rosand J, Diringer M. Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with oral anticoagulant therapy: current practices and unresolved questions. Stroke. 2006;37(1):256–262
  14. Saloheimo P, Ahonen M, Juvela S, Pyhtinen J, Savolainen ER, Hillbom M. Regular aspirin-use preceding the onset of primary intracerebral hemorrhage is an independent predictor for death. Stroke. 2006;37(1):129–133
  15. Flibotte JJ, Hagan N, O’Donnell J, Greenberg SM, Rosand J. Warfarin, hematoma expansion, and outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2004;63(6):1059–1064
  16. Hanger HC, Fletcher VJ, Wilkinson TJ, Brown AJ, Frampton CM, Sainsbury R. Effect of aspirin and warfarin on early survival after intracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol. 2008;255(3):347–352
  17. Aguilar MI, Hart RG, Kase CS, Freeman WD, Hoeben BJ, Garcia RC, et al. Treatment of warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage: literature review and expert opinion. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82(1):82–92
  18. Kothari RU, Brott T, Broderick JP, Barsan WG, Sauerbeck LR, Zuccarello M, et al. The ABCs of measuring intracerebral hemorrhage volumes. Stroke. 1996;27(8):1304–1305
  19. Williams LS, Yilmaz EY, Lopez-Yunez AM. Retrospective assessment of initial stroke severity with the NIH Stroke Scale. Stroke. 2000;31(4):858–862
  20. Cheung CM, Tsoi TH, Hon SF, Au-Yeung M, Shiu KL, Lee CN, et al. Using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) to predict the mortality and outcome of patients with intracerebral haemorrhage. Hong Kong Med J. 2008;14(5):367–370
  21. Sulter G, Steen C, De Keyser J. Use of the Barthel index and modified Rankin scale in acute stroke trials. Stroke. 1999;30(8):1538–1541
  22. Wong KS, Mok V, Lam WW, Kay R, Tang A, Chan YL, et al. Aspirin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage: clinical and radiologic features. Neurology. 2000;54(12):2298–2301
  23. Toyoda K, Okada Y, Minematsu K, Kamouchi M, Fujimoto S, Ibayashi S, et al. Antiplatelet therapy contributes to acute deterioration of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2005;65(7):1000–1004
  24. Sansing LH, Messe SR, Cucchiara BL, Cohen SN, Lyden PD, Kasner SE. Prior antiplatelet use does not affect hemorrhage growth or outcome after ICH. Neurology. 2009;72(16):1397–1402
  25. Roquer J, Rodriguez Campello A, Gomis M, Ois A, Puente V, Munteis E. Previous antiplatelet therapy is an independent predictor of 30-day mortality after spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurol. 2005;252(4):412–416
  26. Foerch C, Sitzer M, Steinmetz H, Neumann-Haefelin T. Pretreatment with antiplatelet agents is not independently associated with unfavorable outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2006;37(8):2165–2167
  27. Lacut K, Le Gal G, Seizeur R, Prat G, Mottier D, Oger E. Antiplatelet drug use preceding the onset of intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with increased mortality. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2007;21(3):327–333
  28. Broderick JP. Evidence against rapid reversal of antiplatelet medications in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2009;72(16):1376–1377
  29. Stafford RS, Singer DE. National patterns of warfarin use in atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156(22):2537–2541
  30. Fang MC, Go AS, Chang Y, Hylek EM, Henault LE, Jensvold NG, et al. Death and disability from warfarin-associated intracranial and extracranial hemorrhages. Am J Med. 2007;120(8):700–705
  31. Fang MC, Go AS, Hylek EM, Chang Y, Henault LE, Jensvold NG, et al. Age and the risk of warfarin-associated hemorrhage: the anticoagulation and risk factors in atrial fibrillation study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(8):1231–1236
  32. Sjoblom L, Hardemark HG, Lindgren A, Norrving B, Fahlen M, Samuelsson M, et al. Management and prognostic features of intracerebral hemorrhage during anticoagulant therapy: a Swedish multicenter study. Stroke. 2001;32(11):2567–2574
  33. Flaherty ML, Tao H, Haverbusch M, Sekar P, Kleindorfer D, Kissela B, et al. Warfarin use leads to larger intracerebral hematomas. Neurology. 2008;71(14):1084–1089
  34. Broderick JP, Brott TG, Duldner JE, Tomsick T, Huster G. Volume of intracerebral hemorrhage. A powerful and easy-to-use predictor of 30-day mortality. Stroke. 1993;24(7):987–993
  35. Zubkov AY, Mandrekar JN, Claassen DO, Manno EM, Wijdicks EF, Rabinstein AA. Predictors of outcome in warfarin-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(10):1320–1325
  36. Cucchiara B, Messe S, Sansing L, Kasner S, Lyden P. Hematoma growth in oral anticoagulant related intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39(11):2993–2996
  37. Goldstein JN, Rosand J, Schwamm LH. Warfarin reversal in anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2008;9(2):277–283
  38. Huttner HB, Schellinger PD, Hartmann M, Kohrmann M, Juettler E, Wikner J, et al. Hematoma growth and outcome in treated neurocritical care patients with intracerebral hemorrhage related to oral anticoagulant therapy: comparison of acute treatment strategies using vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, and prothrombin complex concentrates. Stroke. 2006;37(6):1465–1470
  39. Fujii Y, Takeuchi S, Sasaki O, Minakawa T, Tanaka R. Multivariate analysis of predictors of hematoma enlargement in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 1998;29(6):1160–1166
  40. Xi G, Wagner KR, Keep RF, Hua Y, de Courten-Myers GM, Broderick JP, et al. Role of blood clot formation on early edema development after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 1998;29(12):2580–2586
  41. Hoff JT, Xi G. Brain edema from intracerebral hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003;86:11–15
  42. Creutzfeldt CJ, Weinstein JR, Longstreth WT, Becker KJ, McPharlin TO, Tirschwell DL. Prior antiplatelet therapy, platelet infusion therapy, and outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;18(3):221–228

PII: S0303-8467(09)00319-9

doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2009.12.002

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery
Volume 112, Issue 4 , Pages 275-281 , May 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution